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  • The nitric oxide-cyclic GMP pathway regulates FoxO and alters dopaminergic neuron survival in Drosophila. 22393355

    Activation of the forkhead box transcription factor FoxO is suggested to be involved in dopaminergic (DA) neurodegeneration in a Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease (PD), in which a PD gene product LRRK2 activates FoxO through phosphorylation. In the current study that combines Drosophila genetics and biochemical analysis, we show that cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent kinase II (cGKII) also phosphorylates FoxO at the same residue as LRRK2, and Drosophila orthologues of cGKII and LRRK2, DG2/For and dLRRK, respectively, enhance the neurotoxic activity of FoxO in an additive manner. Biochemical assays using mammalian cGKII and FoxO1 reveal that cGKII enhances the transcriptional activity of FoxO1 through phosphorylation of the FoxO1 S319 site in the same manner as LRRK2. A Drosophila FoxO mutant resistant to phosphorylation by DG2 and dLRRK (dFoxO S259A corresponding to human FoxO1 S319A) suppressed the neurotoxicity and improved motor dysfunction caused by co-expression of FoxO and DG2. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) also increased FoxO's activity, whereas the administration of a NOS inhibitor L-NAME suppressed the loss of DA neurons in aged flies co-expressing FoxO and DG2. These results strongly suggest that the NO-FoxO axis contributes to DA neurodegeneration in LRRK2-linked PD.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    MAB1501
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-Actin Antibody, clone C4

  • Nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity and NADPH-d histochemistry in the enteric nervous system of Sarda breed sheep with different PrP genotypes in whole-mount and cryos ... 17210925

    Until now, significant differences in the neurochemical pattern of enteric neurons have been demonstrated in all species studied; however, some strong similarities also occur across species, such as the occurrence of nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity (NOS-IR) in inhibitory motor neurons to muscle. In consideration of the insufficient data regarding the enteric nervous system (ENS) of sheep, we investigated the myenteric plexus and submucosal plexus of the ovine ileum. Since the pivotal role of the ENS in the early pathogenesis of sheep scrapie, the prototype of prion diseases, has been suggested, we have focused our observations also on the host's PrP genotype. We have studied the morphology and distribution of NOS-IR neurons and their relationships with the enteric glia in whole-mount preparations and in cryostat sections. NOS-IR neurons, always encircled by glial processes, were located in both plexuses. Many NOS-IR fibers were seen in the circular muscle layer, in the submucosa, and in the mucosa. In the submucosa they were close to the lymphoid tissue. No differences in the distribution and percentage of NOS-IR fibers and neurons were observed among sheep carrying different PrP genotype, thus making unlikely their contribution in the determinism of susceptibility/resistance to scrapie infection.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    AB5804
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) Antibody

  • Effects of nitric oxide synthase-3 overexpression on post-translational modifications and cell survival in HepG2 cells. 21968428

    Hepatocarcinoma is the fifth most common neoplasm and the third cause of cancer-related death. The development of genetic- and/or molecular-based therapies is urgently required. The administration of high doses of nitric oxide (NO) promotes cell death in hepatocytes. NO contributes to cell signaling by inducing oxidative/nitrosative-dependent post-translational modifications. The aim of the present study was to investigate protein modifications and its relation with alteration of cell proliferation and death in hepatoma cells. Increased intracellular NO production was achieved by stable nitric oxide synthase-3 (NOS-3) overexpression in HepG2 cells. We assessed the pattern of nitration, nitrosylation and carbonylation of proteins by proteomic analysis. The results showed that NOS-3 cell overexpression increased oxidative stress, which affected proteins mainly involved in cell protein folding. Carbonylation also altered metabolism, as well as immune and antioxidant responses. The interaction of nitrosative and oxidative stress generated tyrosine nitration, which affected the tumor marker Serpin B3, ATP synthesis and cytoskeleton. All these effects were associated with a decrease in chaperone activity, a reduction in cell proliferation and an increased cell death. Our study showed that alteration of nitration, nitrosylation and carbonylation pattern of proteins by NO-dependent oxidative/nitrosative stress was related to a reduction of cell survival in a hepatoma cell line.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    AB5380
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-Nitric Oxide Synthase I Antibody

  • Nitric oxide stress in sporadic inclusion body myositis muscle fibres: inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase prevents interleukin-1β-induced accumulation of β-amy ... 22436237

    Sporadic inclusion body myositis is a severely disabling myopathy. The design of effective treatment strategies is hampered by insufficient understanding of the complex disease pathology. Particularly, the nature of interrelationships between inflammatory and degenerative pathomechanisms in sporadic inclusion body myositis has remained elusive. In Alzheimer's dementia, accumulation of β-amyloid has been shown to be associated with upregulation of nitric oxide. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, an overexpression of inducible nitric oxide synthase was observed in five out of ten patients with sporadic inclusion body myositis, two of eleven with dermatomyositis, three of eight with polymyositis, two of nine with muscular dystrophy and two of ten non-myopathic controls. Immunohistochemistry confirmed protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and demonstrated intracellular nitration of tyrosine, an indicator for intra-fibre production of nitric oxide, in sporadic inclusion body myositis muscle samples, but much less in dermatomyositis or polymyositis, hardly in dystrophic muscle and not in non-myopathic controls. Using fluorescent double-labelling immunohistochemistry, a significant co-localization was observed in sporadic inclusion body myositis muscle between β-amyloid, thioflavine-S and nitrotyrosine. In primary cultures of human myotubes and in myoblasts, exposure to interleukin-1β in combination with interferon-γ induced a robust upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase messenger RNA. Using fluorescent detectors of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide, dichlorofluorescein and diaminofluorescein, respectively, flow cytometry revealed that interleukin-1β combined with interferon-γ induced intracellular production of nitric oxide, which was associated with necrotic cell death in muscle cells. Intracellular nitration of tyrosine was noted, which partly co-localized with amyloid precursor protein, but not with desmin. Pharmacological inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase by 1400W reduced intracellular production of nitric oxide and prevented accumulation of β-amyloid, nitration of tyrosine as well as cell death inflicted by interleukin-1β combined with interferon-γ. Collectively, these data suggest that, in skeletal muscle, inducible nitric oxide synthase is a central component of interactions between interleukin-1β and β-amyloid, two of the most relevant molecules in sporadic inclusion body myositis. The data further our understanding of the pathology of sporadic inclusion body myositis and may point to novel treatment strategies.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    Multiple
    Product Catalog Name:
    Multiple

  • Neuronal nitric oxide synthase is dislocated in type I fibers of myalgic muscle but can recover with physical exercise training. 25853139

    Trapezius myalgia is the most common type of chronic neck pain. While physical exercise reduces pain and improves muscle function, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Nitric oxide (NO) signaling is important in modulating cellular function, and a dysfunctional neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) may contribute to an ineffective muscle function. This study investigated nNOS expression and localization in chronically painful muscle. Forty-one women clinically diagnosed with trapezius myalgia (MYA) and 18 healthy controls (CON) were included in the case-control study. Subsequently, MYA were randomly assigned to either 10 weeks of specific strength training (SST, n = 18), general fitness training (GFT, n = 15), or health information (REF, n = 8). Distribution of fiber type, cross-sectional area, and sarcolemmal nNOS expression did not differ between MYA and CON. However, MYA showed increased sarcoplasmic nNOS localization (18.8 ± 12 versus 12.8 ± 8%, P = 0.049) compared with CON. SST resulted in a decrease of sarcoplasm-localized nNOS following training (before 18.1 ± 12 versus after 12.0 ± 12%; P = 0,027). We demonstrate that myalgic muscle displays altered nNOS localization and that 10 weeks of strength training normalize these disruptions, which supports previous findings of impaired muscle oxygenation during work tasks and reduced pain following exercise.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    Multiple
    Product Catalog Name:
    Multiple

  • Nitric oxide regulates vascular adaptive mitochondrial dynamics. 23585138

    Cardiovascular disease risk factors, such as diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, and physical inactivity, are all correlated with impaired endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) function and decreased nitric oxide (NO) production. NO-mediated regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis has been established in many tissues, yet the role of eNOS in vascular mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics is unclear. We hypothesized that genetic eNOS deletion and 3-day nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition in rodents would result in impaired mitochondrial biogenesis and defunct fission/fusion and autophagy profiles within the aorta. We observed a significant, eNOS expression-dependent decrease in mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) protein subunits from complexes I, II, III, and V in eNOS heterozygotes and eNOS null mice compared with age-matched controls. In response to NOS inhibition with NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) treatment in Sprague Dawley rats, significant decreases were observed in ETC protein subunits from complexes I, III, and IV as well as voltage-dependent anion channel 1. Decreased protein content of upstream regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis, cAMP response element-binding protein and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α, were observed in response to 3-day L-NAME treatment. Both genetic eNOS deletion and NOS inhibition resulted in decreased manganese superoxide dismutase protein. L-NAME treatment resulted in significant changes to mitochondrial dynamic protein profiles with decreased fusion, increased fission, and minimally perturbed autophagy. In addition, L-NAME treatment blocked mitochondrial adaptation to an exercise intervention in the aorta. These results suggest that eNOS/NO play a role in basal and adaptive mitochondrial biogenesis in the vasculature and regulation of mitochondrial turnover.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    06-984
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-Mn-SOD Antibody

  • Nitric oxide synthase isoform expression in the developing lung epithelium. 9950902

    Nitric oxide (NO), generated by NO synthase (NOS), is an important mediator of physiological processes in the airway and lung parenchyma, and there is evidence that the pulmonary expression of the endothelial isoform of NOS (eNOS) is developmentally regulated. The purpose of the present study was to delineate the cellular distribution of expression of eNOS in the developing respiratory epithelium and to compare it with inducible (iNOS) and neuronal (nNOS) NOS. Immunohistochemistry was performed on fetal (125-135 days gestation, term 144 days), newborn (2-4 wk), and maternal sheep lungs. In fetal lung, eNOS expression was evident in bronchial and proximal bronchiolar epithelia but was absent in terminal and respiratory bronchioles and alveolar epithelium. Similar to eNOS, iNOS was detected in bronchial and proximal bronchiolar epithelia but not in alveolar epithelium. However, iNOS was also detected in terminal and respiratory bronchioles. nNOS was found in epithelium at all levels including the alveolar wall. iNOS and nNOS were also detected in airway and vascular smooth muscle. The cellular distribution of all three isoforms was similar in fetal, newborn, and adult lungs. Findings in the epithelium were confirmed by isoform-specific reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays and NADPH diaphorase histochemistry. Thus the three NOS isoforms are commonly expressed in proximal lung epithelium and are differentially expressed in distal lung epithelium. All three isoforms may be important sources of epithelium-derived NO throughout lung development.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    06-573
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-iNOS/NOS II Antibody, NT

  • Inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitrotyrosine in listeric encephalitis: a cross-species study in ruminants. 12009057

    Listeria monocytogenes (LM) is a Gram-positive facultative intracellular bacterium that causes fatal meningoencephalitis in humans and ruminants. A current paradigm predicts that intracellular bacteria are controlled by nitric oxide (NO) whose synthesis is catalyzed by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The ability of macrophages (Mphi) to express iNOS shows extreme interspecies variability. Here the expression of iNOS and synthesis of NO was studied in listeric encephalitis of cattle, sheep, and goats. iNOS was expressed by a subset of Mphi in cerebral microabscesses in all three species. The level of iNOS expression and the density of cells per lesion expressing iNOS was highest in cattle, intermediate in sheep, and lowest in goats. The accumulation of nitrotyrosine (NT), an indicator of local NO synthesis, was observed in lesions of cattle but not in those of small ruminants. The density of iNOS-expressing cells in lesions was inversely correlated with the number of bacteria. No species differences were observed in regard to reactive oxygen intermediate (ROI) production by stimulated granulocytes, using the flow cytometric dihydrorhodamine-123 (DHR) method indicating ROI generation. Thus, the marked species differences in iNOS expression, NT accumulation, and LM content in lesions of ruminants with listeric encephalitis are explained by different amounts of ROI produced. It suggests that variations in the ability of Mphi to synthesize NO are of pathophysiological significance in listeriosis.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    06-573
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-iNOS/NOS II Antibody, NT

  • Nitric oxide modulates peristaltic muscle activity associated with fluid circulation in the sea pansy Renilla koellikeri. 15879079

    Nitric oxide (NO) is a well-known regulator of vascular activities in vertebrates and it has also been implicated as a vasodilatatory agent in a cephalopod. In the sea pansy Renilla koellikeri, an octocorallian representative of the most basal animals with a nervous system, we investigated the role of NO in peristalsis, an activity that moves body fluids through the coelenteron (gastrovascular cavity) of the polyps across the colony. NO donors increased the amplitude of peristaltic contractions and increased tonic contractions in relaxed preparations, but caused a relaxation of basal tension in contracted preparations. The NO synthase (NOS) inhibitors L-NAME (N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester) and 7-nitroindazole reduced the amplitude of peristaltic contractions and lowered basal tension. In contrast, aminoguanidine, a specific inhibitor of inducible NOS, increased the amplitude but reduced the rate of peristalsis. Zaprinast, a cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor, decreased the amplitude of peristaltic contractions, a decrease that was amplified by dibutyryl cGMP. In contrast, the inhibitor of soluble guanylyl cyclase ODQ (1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one) enhanced peristalsis. Putative NOS-containing neurons, revealed by NADPH-diaphorase activity and citrulline immunohistochemistry, were observed in the basiectoderm at the base of the autozooid polyp tentacles and in a nerve-net around the oral disc. Their neurites ran up the tentacles and down to the polyp body wall, crossing from the ectoderm through the mesoglea and into the endoderm musculature where musculo-epithelial cells were also reactive. These data suggest that two distinct nitrergic pathways, one of which is mediated by cGMP, regulate peristalsis and muscle tone in the sea pansy and that these pathways may involve NOS-containing ectodermal neurons and musculo-epithelial cells.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    AB5612
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-Citrulline Antibody

  • Enhanced nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species production and damage after inhalation of silica. 12114212

    In previous reports from this study, measurements of pulmonary inflammation, bronchoalveolar lavage cell cytokine production and nuclear factor-kappa B activation, cytotoxic damage, and fibrosis were detailed. In this study, we investigated the temporal relationship between silica inhalation, nitric oxide (NO), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and damage mediated by these radicals in the rat. Rats were exposed to a silica aerosol (15 mg/m(3) silica, 6 h/day, 5 days/wk) for 116 days. We report time-dependent changes in 1) activation of alveolar macrophages and concomitant production of NO and ROS, 2) immunohistochemical localization of inducible NO synthase and the NO-induced damage product nitrotyrosine, 3) bronchoalveolar lavage fluid NO(x) and superoxide dismutase concentrations, and 4) lung lipid peroxidation levels. The major observations made in this study are as follows: 1) NO and ROS production and resultant damage increased during silica exposure, and 2) the sites of inducible NO synthase activation and NO-mediated damage are associated anatomically with pathological lesions in the lungs.
    Document Type:
    Reference
    Product Catalog Number:
    06-284
    Product Catalog Name:
    Anti-Nitrotyrosine Antibody